Simulation Free Essays

string(57) " the profit before tax or 1 5 percent times the revenue\." SLIP is a privately held investment corporation founded in 1961. It had become a diversified company consisting of a total of 9 subsidiaries. The oldest three were In the home products business: a Virginia-based brass software company, an outdoor lantern company based In Maine, and an antique reproduction furniture company in Maryland. We will write a custom essay sample on Simulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A second group of four subsidiaries formed in the sass’s was focused on research in the fields of consumer product marketing, computer software, tax research, and investment financial analysis. Hoping to capitalize on their tax and investment expertise, they recently armed Spring Lane Development Corporation and Spring Lane Natural Resources, which were Involved In real estate development natural resource exploration, respectively. Spring Lane employed a total of 525 people and had revenues of $30 million in 1987. Spring Lane Natural Resources was formed to pursue natural resource exploration because SLIP management felt that favorable tax laws provided them opportunities to achieve significant profits In this arena. Their primary goal was to find and produce natural gas from shale, to capture the so-called â€Å"Section 29† tax credits associated with such gas. Ingress passed this tax credit In 1978 as part of the Natural Gas Policy Act in order to stimulate drilling for natural gas found in shale. Although natural gas exploration was clearly riskier than their other investments, SLIP felt the risks could be managed by drilling only sites that were surrounded on three or four sides by existing wells. To date, SLUR had drilled four wells. It wasn’t difficult operationally to drill the wells, but It was challenging to find enough high- quality investment opportunities. In the first five months of production, one of the wells had already paid back 52 percent of its initial investment well ahead of the argue payout. The other wells were also doing quite well and all were on schedule for meeting their target return on investment. SLUR hopes to drill 20 more wells in 1988. Formed. This gave SLUR full responsibility for choosing the sites and managing the well if gas was found. SLUR would retain about 25 percent ownership and sell the rest to several general partners. As managing general partner, SLUR was responsible for hiring a general contractor who would do the drilling. Slur’s geologist, Brad Thomas, would determine whether there was enough gas to make it worth completing the well. If he decided to go ahead, the general contractor would be in charge of the day-to-day operations of the well. SLUR had entered into a Joint venture with Excel Energy of Bridgeport, West Virginia, in which it was agreed that Excel would act as the general contractor for all of Slur’s wells in West Virginia. Excel also agreed to take a small ownership interest in each of these wells. The Bailey Prospect: Base Case Analysis Exhibit 1 is a copy of the spreadsheet developed by Lisa Weatherboard to analyze the Bailey Prospect. The Bailey Prospect is surrounded by four producing wells from the target gas formation. Thus, SLUR was pretty confident that they would hit the gas formation, but they were mindful that there is always a possibility that due to geological anomalies (e. G. , drilling into a fault), a well might fail and result in zero production. Brad Thomas (the geologist) estimated the probability of this kind of failure at the Bailey Prospect to be about 10 percent. If they were successful, SLUR would sell the gas to pipeline distributors who would pay a price for the gas that depends on the BTU content of the gas. [2] The BTU content of the gas would not be known until the well was producing, but once reducing, the BTU content would not change over the lifetime of the well. Brad Thomas estimated the BTU content of the gas to be 55 BTU per cubic foot; this was the average of the BTU contents at the nearby wells. The current price paid by the pipeline is $1. 90 per AMBIT (million BTU); the price paid by the pipeline would be tied to the market prices for gas and, hence, might change over time. 3] Lisa assumed that prices would grow with inflation over time. [4] The rate at which gas would flow from the well would not be known until the well was completed. Brad estimated that the gas would initially flow at a rate of 33,000 Mac thousand cubic feet) per year and then decline following the schedule shown in Exhibit 1. The spreadsheet shown in Exhibi t 1 is essentially an income statement over the life of the well. (The spreadsheet goes out 25 years; only the first 13 years are shown in the exhibit. ) The gross revenue is the price per Mac of gas times the Mac of gas produced in a given year. To get to net cash flows, royalties, expenses, and taxes must be deducted: 1) From gross revenue, a 12. 5 percent royalty payment to the owner of the mineral rights is deducted, leaving net revenue. This royalty rate was the standard argental pall to ten property owners In ten west Valhalla area. 2) Excel Energy would be paid approximately $300 per month to operate the well. Lisa had budgeted an additional $3,000 per year for other expenses associated with the lease that might be incurred but couldn’t now be accurately forecast. These costs were increased annually to reflect inflation. 3) Local taxes of 4. Percent times the gross revenue would be paid to the county and a severance tax[5] of 3. 4 percent would be paid to the state of West Virginia. 4) Depreciation expense for year O equaled the intangible drilling cost[6], which as 72. 5 percent times the total well cost. The remainder of the drilling cost would be depreciated on a straight-line basis over seven years. 5) To co mpute profit after tax, depletion[7], and state and federal income taxes were subtracted from profit before tax. Numerically, depletion was the smaller of 50 percent times the profit before tax or 1 5 percent times the revenue. You read "Simulation" in category "Papers" ) The state income tax equaled the tax rate multiplied by the difference between profit before tax and depletion. This tax was then reduced by a credit equal to one- half of the severance tax paid to the state. ) Federal income tax was calculated by multiplying the tax rate times the profit before tax less depletion and state tax paid. The federal tax was then reduced by an energy tax credit as allowed in Section 29 of the tax code: the tax credit was determined by multiplying the current tax credit rate ($0. 76 per AMBIT in year 1) by the amount of qualifying production that year. The tax credit rate was increased each year with inflation, but its future value was in the hands of Congress and far from certain. The after-tax cash flow is given by adding back depreciation and depletion to the after-tax profit. Finally, there is the issue of the lease bonus. A lease bonus is a cash payment or bonus paid too landowner in exchange for the drilling and mineral rights. The proposed drilling area at the Bailey Prospect lies on a farm where the owners Mr.. And Mrs.. Bryan Cotter had been reluctant to allow drilling on their land; this is why the surrounding areas were developed and this property was not. Mr.. Cotter had recently passed away and Mrs.. Cotter (at the urging of her children) was now willing to allow drilling and production on her land. Though no offer had yet been made, SLUR had proposed offering Mrs.. Cotter a bonus of $40,000; the lease bonuses for similar properties in the area had been in this range. Financially, if the well is successful, the lease bonus comes directly off the bottom line, providing no tax deductions or depreciation. [8] on ten Dad’s AT tense mummers, ten prospect looked good It NAS an rater-tax equity payback period of about 35 months and an internal rate of return of about 29%. To calculate the net present value (NP), Lisa discounted the cash flows using a discount rate of 15 percent, which was Slice’s hurdle rate for projects like this. The result was an NP of approximately $79,000. Your Assignment Your boss, Steve Bodily, had presented the results of Alias’s analysis to Henry Oysters, a potential general partner. Oysters was impressed with the base-case scenario, but was very concerned about the potential downside risks. â€Å"What if the well doesn’t work? How do you know that it will produce that much gas? What if gas prices continue their recent decline? Just about every number in here is a guess. † Bodily was prepared for the first question and knew that, if the well failed, the pretax loss would be approximately $170,000 the cost of drilling the well plus the lease bonus or a net after-tax loss of Bodily was not prepared for the other questions but promised Oysters that he would get back to him with a complete description of the risks associated with the Bailey Prospect. The goal wasn’t Just to evaluate the Bailey Prospect but, more generally, to get a better understanding of the risks associated with the kinds of investments SLUR was pursuing. Since Lisa Weatherboard is out of town, Bodily came to you and asked you to examine the risks associated with the Bailey Prospect. Your report will go to SLIP as well as to Oysters. In your conversation with Bodily, he posed the following questions: ) What are the key risks here? 2) What is the project’s expected NP taking into account all of these risks? 3) How risky is this project? What is the chance that we have a negative NP on this? 4) How big lease bonus can we afford? Not that I plan to offer Mrs.. Cotter more than $40,000, but it would be good to know how far we can go and still make money. ) What if the Section 29 credit goes away? Congress has been making some noise about that lately. 6) What if the well fails? While we’ve got the crew out there, should we drill another well? 7) Finally, I know that you don’t have time to run numbers for our whole portfolio f properties, but suppose we had 20 opportunities Just like the Bailey Prospect, how risky would this portfolio be? Which would the key uncertainties be? A qualitative discussion will suffice: we don’t need hard numbers on this, but we should be prepared Tort ten question. Bodily concluded, â€Å"Those are the kinds of things that come to mind. Of course, I haven’t had much time to think about it and could be missing some important issues. I’ve scheduled a meeting with Oysters and some of the SLIP partners for next Thursday. Could you prepare a 20-minute presentation on this for then? Good. Thanks. I’ll be out of town until then. If you have any questions about doing these kinds of analyses, you might try Jack Grayson. He’s done a lot of these risk analyses and will be at the meeting on Thursday. You might want to talk to Brad Thomas as well. Additional Information Fortunately, Brad Thomas (the geologist) was available and offered to help. As far as drilling another well in the event the first one fails, Thomas said, â€Å"Yeah, that might be a good idea. A second well would be cheaper to drill. Of course, it would also be less likely to succeed. If the second one fails too, it would be pointless to drill a third ell. â₠¬  He estimated the cost of drilling the second well to be roughly 75% of the cost of drilling the first well â€Å"you don’t have to truck all the drilling equipment out again and you don’t have to pay another lease bonus. The cost of completing a second well (if successful) would be the same as the cost of completing the first. Thomas estimated the probability of the second well succeeding (given that the first fails) to be . 50. He also indicated that, if the first well fails, he would revise his estimated initial flow rate down by a third. The decline rate would remain the same. Thomas also indicated that it would not make sense to drill a second well if the first is successful since the two wells would be draining the same area. A second well would speed production you’d get roughly twice as much production at first but you probably double the decline rate as well and end up with about the same total amount of gas (maybe slightly more) and be stuck with t wice the drilling cost. † On the other issues Thomas said, â€Å"Yeah, this business is pretty much a crap shoot. I’m a geologist. I can’t tell you much about Congress or natural gas prices, but I did work up some ranges on the estimates I gave Lisa. See Exhibit 2. ) I’ve found that I give better estimates if I think about the ranges before I give a particular value. I actually keep track of my estimates and then later see how I did. While I don’t always get the right answer, my ranges are pretty good. † These ranges, Thomas says, can be interpreted as 10th and 90th percentiles numbers such that there is a I-in-10 chance that the true value will be below and above these amounts. The base case numbers used in Alias’s spreadsheet can be interpreted as 50th percentiles or medians. â€Å"Let me know if you need anything else. † Jack Grayson at SLIP could only offer general advice. As far as developing ranges for the other uncertainties, use your Judgment. I can send you some historical data on inflation and natural gas prices (see Exhibit 3), but looking forward we’ll have to guess. If it is important, I may be able to get you more information next week. I know a consultant won may De addle to Nell us Walt ten gas price Toreros t. He could probably get us more on inflation too. I also know a lawyer in D. C. Who has been working with the IRS on Section 29 issues. She might be able to tell us more about that. But I don’t want to call these people unless it is important. Let’s talk on Monday ND we can decide then whether to call them. † Grayson also suggested that you should be careful about the discount rate. â€Å"The 15 percent rate that Lisa used is risk adjusted – it informally adjusts for the possibility that the well fails, uncertainty about operating costs, etc. Since you are going to explicitly model these risks, you should use a lower discount rate. Because all of these risks with this investment – including natural gas prices – are pretty much uncorrelated with the market as a whole, I would suggest using a risk-free discount rate. The yield of 5- to 10-year treasury bonds is currently around 9 percent why onto you use that rate instead. See you on Monday. † [pick] [pick] *Note: The production decline rates – shown near the top of the spreadsheet – are highly correlated. If you have rapid decline in the first year, you are likely to have rapid decline in subsequent years as well. Similarly, if you have slow decline in the first year, you are likely to have slow decline in subsequent years. To capture this dependence, we need to vary all of the decline rates together. How to cite Simulation, Papers

My Dream School free essay sample

Third Period: Board Games: This class will give students the strategic part of their day. In the Board Games Class, students will attempt to think two steps ahead of their opponents while playing either chess or scrabble. This class is an elective. Fourth Period: Wilderness Survival: Students will be taught great life lessons from this class. They will be able to survive in any wilderness for a minimum of one week. They will be taught how to ration, keep sane, and proper survival technique. Fifth and Sixth Period: During fifth and sixth period, students will have an assembly every day. In these assemblVs, students will listen to people whose lives have been perfect without a legitimate education. If you register your child now. your child and the rest of your family will get a chance to fly to Nelson Mandelas home and have a conversation with him about his childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dream School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Seventh Period: And finally, the class that you have been waltlng for. Since our school Is named Ameer Alls school for Kids who cant Read Good, we do not offer English courses; that does not mean we cannot offer Mathematics, Science or History. Throughout the eek, students must take these three classes once per week. My Dream School By ameerali1999 Ameer Alis School For Kids Who Cant Read Good Hello and welcome to Ameer Alis School For Kids Who Cant Read Good! Our wonderful little school is specialized in non-educational subjects, so that students Ameer Alis School for Kids Who Cant Read Good admits only sixty students per year. Sleeping or Cooking. Sleeping: We know some people arent morning people, so for this reason, we offer a sleeping course. Cooking: Students underestimate the power f a hearty breakfast

I am, who i am and proud free essay sample

You know how they say â€Å"when you’re a teenager, you really find out who you are†. I believe that statement 100 percent. While most of my peers are still trying to find out who they are, I know who I am. I am Andrew Colby Delatos, a stylish, fun, honorable friend and comedian. Someone who lives a drama filled, depressed at times, hypocritical life, on the edge with the word risky never being a roadblock for me. An animal lover, different in every way, while spending most of my day in my head thinking. I know what I want and I always go after it with no delay. I have a love for my family that will burn forever. I am a big dreamer, who appreciates the small parts of a bigger picture, but the one thing that I am most proud of in every way, that makes me happy and full of pride, is that I am GAY. We will write a custom essay sample on I am, who i am and proud or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many people do not know what it is like to live the life of a gay. The constant judgment, the struggle with coming to terms with oneself, the social out casting. I would have to say that I have been pretty lucky, having not to deal with most of the imperfections with being gay brings. I have a lot of great friends, widely popular, and a very supported and open minded family. I feel if you always have these things, you will never need anything. Ever since I was a small boy, I knew I was different I knew I like sports, power rangers and playing with my friends. So these weird feelings and thoughts, I left at the back of my head, not understanding what it meant. It wasn’t until middle school, when I found out what these feelings were called being gay. So throughout those awkward three years, I hid this fact from myself, shooting it down if it ever tried to reach the surface. I kept telling myself â€Å"Andrew this is wrong† but really I was just looking at it from societies stand point but in reality it was perfectly normal and accepted. Something I would not learn until high school. The start of high school, I knew in my hearts of hearts things were going to be different for me personally because I started to notice things in a different light. First off there were other gays in the school, which made me feel like wow this is perfectly normal to be who you are, and be proud of it. It seemed that everyone was perfectly fine with gays(well most of them), they were totally accepted which made me feel comfortable. They still poked fun at them but they did it to be rude. The best thing about being openly gay was that people started to see me for me. It was like I could stop being this fake person and be the real me. It was so much better than being accepted. I feel the problem with today’s society is that they are so wrapped up in judging people by the outside. When really they don’t look deeper to find the real person. I am a human being and nothing else, I may be a little crazy, but all those qualities on page one are who I am. Being gay is one of my favorite qualities that makes me, me. This will be a difficult life but it is my life.

Environmental Studies Essay Example Climate Change

Climate Change: Man’s Accountability The issue with climate change is a universal concern that has long been debated by nations. There are accounts stating that the current trend in climate change is a natural phenomenon while strong researches are convincing the public that human anthropogenic is a great factor for the rapid increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere thereby hastening climate change. While there are recommended actions presented by various organizations all over the world to alleviate the global concern of climate change, the actions taken by each nation remains to be assessed. There is a disparity of the sharing of the global green house gases emissions from developed countries such as US, Europe, Canada, Australia and China as compared to the developing countries. There is a great advantage to the developed countries that argue against the national commitment in reducing ghg and oppose to the various proposed policies related to climate change. Their passivity towards their ethical obligation in sharing the global burden creates controversies that remain unsettled until today. Arguments posed by developed countries include the uncertainty and insufficiency of scientific bases that climate change is due to human causation and the impending costs that entails the various policies for climate change. The IPCC report in 2007 and other international bodies such as NASA, and NOAA, all share unequivocal results. That is, the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth since the mid 20th century is due to the increase in anthropogenic and man-made greenhouse gases concentrations. Their collected data over the years reveal that the amount of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere is undisputedly rising due to human induced factors as seen in the infrared energy of the atmosphere.   Simulations for climate change has detected that pre-industrial factor do not contribute to the increase in the temperature as much as when the industrial revolution started (IPCC). Thus, taking the natural courses of nature’s responsibility is bound to uncertainty. The anthropogenic sources come from burning of fossil fuels which are widely used in today’s time for power generation. Global warming causes the loss of sea ice, the retreat of the glaciers, intense heat waves, droughts, and stronger hurricanes and storms. The world will continue to experience catastrophic weather events due to the significant drop in the environment’s capacity to carry the massive greenhouse emissions (ProCon.org). It is but right and ethical for all nations to act upon their share of duty to keep the ghg emissions below their share of the global ghg. However, most countries are comparing their set of actions to other countries claiming that their actions towards the global policies would be negligible unless the big countries (like the US, China and other developed countries) that contribute highly to the global ghg participate in their ethical obligations as well. This premise is very true since developing countries have lower share of ghg emissions compared to the highly industrialized nations. Countries with high emission of ghg cause great harm to the whole world especially to those poor countries with very low ghg emissions. The participation of these developed countries would greatly contribute to the alleviation of the global ghg emissions. They are at advantage when they remain indifferent to the international policies since their continuance to exceed ghg contribution level leads them to economic and industrial rise. However, this unethical response compromises the global atmosphere which retards the overall actions of nations to combat climate change. All nations have an ethical responsibility to act upon the reduction of ghg emissions in accordance to the fair share of the contributed global emissions. It is imperative that they do their respective duties regardless of the efforts undertaken by other nations. The obligation to the climate change is a matter of global justice. And it is this justice that demands for every nation to get involved in their ethical responsibilities. Works Cited Procon.rog. â€Å"Is Human Activity a Substantial Cause of Global Climate Change?†. Procon.org. Web. 30 November 2014. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science I. Web. 30 November 2014 Buy Your Essay Now Surely, if you can’t write it yourself, buying an essay online is the best way out. We keep offering bonuses and discounts from time to time. Maybe this is the luckiest time for you. Many other customers found themselves fortunate for getting their orders done by us. Get yours now.

Incest Abuse Effects And Prevention On Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

Incest Abuse Effects And Prevention On Children Social Work Essay Essay Example Incest Abuse Effects And Prevention On Children Social Work Essay Essay Incest Abuse Effects And Prevention On Children Social Work Essay Essay Incest maltreatment is an issue that is prevailing among household members including kids. There are assorted short-run and long-run effects that kids encounter throughout and after their opprobrious experience. These effects are highly traumatic and cause stressors for kids and within households. Incest can happen between any two household members irrespective of age and gender. There has been a batch of research that has been conducted sing incest, but it is frequently hard to pull decisions from research. This is because of obscure definitions and ill-defined limitations and guidelines. With everything considered, bar is the most of import measure that society can take to seek to cut down the figure of incest instances. Incest is a horrifying and tragic issue between household members typically affecting one individual of higher power and one of lesser power. In add-on, it is highly traumatic for kids that do non cognize any different or that are still excessively immature and naA?ve to understand what is traveling on. This subject is highly of import in the fact that more research needs to be gathered to understand why this is happening within the household. This issue is more prevailing that many people realize. Therefore this paper is traveling to discourse issues associating to incest and sexual kid maltreatment within households. It will include research and surveies that relate to household incest and maltreatment. The paper will cover an analysis of research that has been conducted on the associating subject of incest including short term and long-run effects of incest. There are many different signifiers of incest, but extended research findings have merely been implemented on a few of the signifiers. There are besides factors such as certain age scopes and gender that are more likely to meet incest maltreatment. As more research is being conducted sing incest and maltreatment, there besides needs to be more bar execution. Research is of import because it allows research workers to happen the grounds and causes of why this is go oning. However, this issue of incest will non travel off without some kind of bar maneuver. Prevention is an highly of import method to assist cut down the prevalence of incest and maltreatment within households. Incest can be a stressor and traumatic event that frequently causes short term and long-run effects on exploited kids. There are issues such as chemical dependance, mental unwellness, and legion psychosocial stressors that these victims can meet ( Courtois, 1997 ) . In add-on, the household can confront perturbations within relationships and kineticss ( Courtois, 1997 ) . These issues include parental strife and immatureness, parent-child function reversals and triangulation, boundary misdemeanors, double-bind communications, and entrenched forms of denial, secrecy and rigidness ( Courtois, 1997 ) . These are merely a few of the effects that incest can bring forth among households. Short-run effects of incest consists of, those effects that the victim experiences or shows during and/or instantly after the incest and/or its revelation ( the most consistent include emotional ) ( Vander Mey A ; Neff, 1986, p. 67 ) . The victim can expose a assortment of emotions and feelings that are typically associated with short-run effects. These can include shame, guilt, fright, choler, in add-on to feelings of being trapped, used, confused, betrayed, and humiliated ( Vander Mey A ; Neff, 1986, p. 67 ) . Not every victim will see these short-run effects, but most frequently victims will see one these emotional effects from incest maltreatment. On the contrary, Long-run effects for the victim are those behaviours, attitudes, or sentiments that the victim has or shows old ages after the incident ( s ) of incest: effects that are due straight or indirectly to the incest ( Vander Mey A ; Neff, 1986, p. 67 ) . These effects go beyond emotional issues ; they extend to larger pervert, antisocial, and/or illegal behavioural effects of the victims ( Vander Mey A ; Neff, 1986, p. 67 ) . Often times these behaviours include one or more of the followers: promiscuousness, inability to presume a wife/mother function, alcohol addiction, drug maltreatment, harlotry sexual dysfunctioning, delinquency, depression and self-destruction ( Vander Mey A ; Neff, 1986, p. 67 ) . There seem to be many negative effects on kids involved in incest maltreatment. There is besides much contention among research sing the effects on the victims. There appears to be no definite absolute replies that tell us precisely what will go on to a kid who is the victim of incest maltreatment. However, there is adequate consistent informations to reason that incest is a major hazard factor for a assortment of serious aftereffects ( Courtois, 1997 ) . The surveies done in respects of victim effects seem to expose a reasonably strong assortment of possible results. As there is no definite solution to effects of kids who experience incest maltreatment, there is a scope of common possible consequences. There seemed to be small or no research sing the permanent effects of the long-run effects among victims. However, there was an overall consensus between research surveies that each kid is an single and no two cases/situations are the same, and no two victims will walk off the same. Within a household, each single takes on different functions. There are common functions that characterize a culprit of incest. The most common is the autocratic male parent who has absolute authorization over the full household ( battle of a power instability ) ( Blume, 1990, p. 34 ) . In this state of affairs the remainder of his household fears the male parent ( Blume, 1990, p. 34 ) . He displays control and power and his married woman and childs are on a changeless guard seeking to neer upset him ( Blume, 1990, p. 34 ) . The male parent takes advantage of the power he has by sexually mistreating his kid ( ren ) and perchance his married woman every bit good. There is besides another type of male parent that is referred to as the timid male parent ( Blume, 1990, p. 34 ) . This pa is non able to stand up to another grownup and show his feelings and is frequently considerd a push-over ( Blume, 1990, p. 35 ) . Since he seems to hold no control within the household, he seeks his control elsewhere by sexually mistreating a boy or girl of his. There are many people who say that victims of kid maltreatment will turn up to go maltreaters. However, Blume ( 1990 ) states that, One is responsible for one s grownup acts ; one s yesteryear does non do one to make force to another ( p. 37 ) . In add-on, if it were true that these victims of maltreatment bend into maltreaters, so should nt there be more adult females as culprits since adult females are more likely be seen as the victims? However, this is non the instance because most incest subsisters are female, and David Finkelhor says, there is a male monopoly on kid molesting ( Blume, 1990, p. 37 ) . It is of import to retrieve that immature misss are non the lone victims of incest and that male parents are non the lone culprits either. Perpetrators can include female parents, brothers, sisters, and extended household ( Sloan A ; Porter 1984 ) . Similarly, victims can dwell of boies, girls, cousins, etc ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . There may be more prevalence in certain state of affairss, but incest is incest no affair who the victim is or who the culprit is. Researchs have said that it is really hard to roll up research on the issue of incest. There are a assortment of grounds for this with the foremost ground being specifying incest ( Blume, 1990, p. 26 ) . There is no one definition of incest ; there are assorted positions on what constitutes as incest. Some are more restrictive than others. For illustration, some include touch as incest maltreatment, and others include step-parents/siblings as culprits of incest maltreatment. ( Blume, 1990, p. 27 ) . In add-on, some say that any age under 18 old ages old constitutes as incest maltreatment ; nevertheless, there are other research workers other things ( Blume, 1990, p. 27 ) . Prevention is the key to decreasing this issue. Merely as it is of import to hold intervention centres and therapy for those who have experienced incest maltreatment, it is besides of import to implement preventive steps. Sloan and Porter discuss a bar program that was created and implemented by community wellness nurses into a public school. First, there was an accent on the importance that kids are cognizant that instructors and school decision makers are available to discourse nonacademic jobs ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . Second, the focal point was to show every bit much information as possible to the kids without scaring those who had non had these sorts of experiences ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . Third, the community wellness nurses wanted to supply kids with a job work outing technique that could be used in a figure of state of affairss ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . There was success in this plan in the fact that they were able to show intense information to immature childs without scaring or making anxiousness for them ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . There were besides merely positive remarks received from instructors and school functionaries ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . However, the positive feedback that was received was merely obtained through school disposal and community wellness nurses who worked together to accomplish their end ( Sloan A ; Porter, 1984 ) . As this survey seems really encouraging, there needs to be more facets that are examined in order to find the existent effects of the plan. It is great that this peculiar plan focused on kids because it allows them to understand what incest and maltreatment is about, but at that place besides needs to be a plan that helps the grownups as good. The surveies and information presented has, for the most portion, seemed to follow in the same way and correlative with each other. There is the basic overall decision of the thought that incest maltreatment is more prevailing than many people think and that bar is the key to cut downing the issue. All of the surveies seemed to show how hard incest research is due to assorted factors. These factors covered a broad scope, while some research focused on victim s deficiency of study and others emphasized the definition of incest. The overall research seems to foreground the highly sad state of affairss and traumatic experiences that victimized kids encounter. There are many short-run and long-run effects that kids can see due to incest maltreatment. The deductions that are drawn from these issues is that there needs to be non merely therapy for victims, but besides bar plans implemented to assist diminish the issue of incest.

Describe and discuss the extent of racism and racial discrimination in Essay

Describe and discuss the extent of racism and racial discrimination in Britain - Essay Example In this context, the development of racial discrimination in Britain is continued; however, the fact that efforts for the control of the phenomenon are also in progress is quite encouraging, proving that the signs for the limitation of racism in Britain are positive, no matter if their results are made visible in the short or the long term. 2. Racism and racial discrimination in Britain background and extent 2.1 Overview of racism and racial discrimination in Britain Immigrants represent an important part of the British population. More specifically, it has been estimated that immigrants across Britain are 4.6 million – in a total population of 60 million (Morris et al. 2007). The research on the living conditions and the daily challenges of these people, revealed that many of them are likely to become ‘victim of a racially motivated crime’ (Easton 2006); in fact, it has been revealed that in 2004, 87,000 immigrants in Britain have faced such problem (Easton 2006) . The above number shows increasing trends; in 2005 the prosecutions for racially motivated offences showed an increase of 28% - compared to 2005 (Easton, 2006). It should be noted at this point that immigrants in Britain have a key influence on the country’s politics, being an important electoral body (McAllister 1984); however, it seems that they are not able of using their power – as described above – in order to secure their rights – reference is made primarily to health, employment and education. In order to identify and understand the extent of racial discrimination in Britain it would be necessary to refer primarily to the framework of discrimination, as developed in the particular country. The elements of discrimination in Britain are made clear through the definition provided by Blackstone et al. (1998). In accordance with the above definition ‘direct discrimination is defined as treating a person less favourably than others on racial groun ds’ (Blackstone et al. 1998, p.37). There is also the case of indirect discrimination which is described as an activity of setting a requirement to which the persons belonging in a particular race are most likely to be able to respond – compared to people belonging to a different race (Blackstone et al. 1998, p.37). The above descriptions, which have been presented by Blackstone as they are included in the Race Relations Act 1976, are particularly important in order to understand the level at which racial discrimination has been developed across Britain. In any case, it should be noted that the issue of racial discrimination in Britain is active for many years – having been started approximately at 1940s – with the pressure then for ‘the settlement of black people in the particular country’ (Rich 1990, p.142). 2.2 Racial discrimination in education, employment and housing Racial discrimination in Britain has many different aspects; it can be identified in the education, the housing and the employment of immigrants, as members of the population. Regarding the relationship between education and immigration, the following issues need to be highlighted: the existence of racism in certain social settings, as for example,

Industrial Relations in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Relations in Australia - Essay Example The growth of unions is recognised as being a cyclical process that is also structural and institutional (Griffin & Svenson, 1996). Economic factors affect union density due to the affect on demand for labor. Demographic variables, such as female participation in the workforce, the rise of minority group participation, increased education access and outcomes, population shifts into cities, affect the composition of industries. Theses factors also affect the increase in part-time and casual positions as opposed to the traditional full-time opportunities. There has also been rapid growth in the sectors of industry which are not traditionally have unionism as a focus, for example retail and services, parallel to this there has been a dramatic decrease in the traditional union affiliated industries, such as manufacturing. All these factors combine to affect the structural nature of union density. Finally, laws, their enforcement or lack of (due to low penalties for example) and the type of government in power all affect the institutional nature of union density. The demand-side model expresses the situation of decreasing union density in economic terms (Wooden, 1999). Workers trade off returns from unions (i.e., wages, benefits, better working conditions and job security) against costs (i.e., dues, rules and potential job insecurity). 2. Role of the Federal Minister of Employment and Workplace Relations The Department of Employment and Workforce Relations is responsible for delivering to the Government a high standard of advice, programmes and services to achieve more efficient and effective labour market assistance, higher productivity and wages, and to increase workforce participation (Department of Employment and Industrial Relations, 2006). At present, the Honorable John Hockey MP is the Minister of Employment and Workplace Relations. His responsibilities as portfolio Minister includes accountability for all the matters that are covered in the portfolio, such as Cabinet matters, as well as the specific responsibility of maintaining policy issues that relate to employment and or workplace relations (Employment Workplace and Relations Media Centre, 2007). These issues include; the Workplace Relations Act 1996, occupational health and safety, worker's compensation and affirmative action. He is also to take responsibility for institutional arrangements that are undertaken in accord ance with the Workplace Relations Act 1996, these include; the Office of the Employment Advocate; the Australian Industrial Relations Commission; and workplace relations reform in industry sectors. Additionally, Minister Hockey has the role of assisting the Prime Minister in Public Service issues.The Minister can intercede in the public interest of a matter before the Full Bench (of the AIRC) on behalf of the Commonwealth by providing written notice to the Industrial Registrar (S102 (1)) (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2005). Also, Minister Hockey can provide written notice to the Registrar to intervene in public interest in matters before the Australian Industrial Relations Commission when those issues involve public sector employment (S102 (2))( Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2005). This reinforces the Minister's commitment to creating more jobs with higher wages, and to